Pain: metaphor, body, and culture in Anglo-American societies between the eighteenth and twentieth centuries

This article explores the relationship between metaphorical languages, body, and culture, and suggests that such an analysis can reveal a great deal about the meaning and experience of pain in Anglo-American societies between the eighteenth and twentieth centuries. It uses concepts within embodied cognition to speculate on how historians can write a history of sensation. Bodies are actively engaged in the linguistic processes and social interactions that constitute painful sensations. Language is engaged in a dialogue with physiological bodies and social environments. And culture collaborates in the creation of physiological bodies and metaphorical systems

Organic Centre Wales Technical Note 4: Biology and management of slugs

Slugs are the most common and widespread pest affecting all farmers and growers. There are 29 species of slugs in the UK. The most destructive are from the Deroceras, Arion and Malix groups. Very few crops are unaffected as slugs are polyphagus and feed throughout the year whenever conditions are cool/warm and damp. With FYM & green manures, soil organic matter levels are increased which favours slugs. Snails tend to be less important, but can cause problems in gardens and on cane fruits. This technical note discusses natural enemies of slugs, nature of damage, life history and control measures, and lists sources of further information

Organic Centre Wales Factsheet 6: Suppliers of organic seed, feed and fertilizers

This factsheet lists suppliers of organic seed, feed and fertilizer for areas throughout Wales. The list is not exhaustive and additions are welcomed

Organic Centre Wales Technical Note 5: Biology and management of wireworms

Wireworms are the larvae of a group of beetles commonly known as click beetles. After falling on their backs they right themselves by flicking themselves into the air and produce a “clicking” sound. There are about 60 species of click beetle in the UK, but the majority of attacks are caused by three Agriotes species (lineatus, obscurus and spuator). This technical notes lists natural enemies of wireworms, nature of damage, life history and control measures, and a list of sources of further information

Organic Centre Wales Factsheet 11: Benchmarking with Organic Centre Wales

This factsheet explains what is meant by benchmarking, a method of assessing the performance of businesses, by comparing them against a ‘benchmark’ or industry standard. It also explains the advantages of getting involved

Draft Letter for the British Council

This draft letter to the British Council discusses two sets of 10 discs containing recordings. Mr Robertson saw fit to have the discs copied at the Gramophone Company due to their great cultural importance

Organic Centre Wales Factsheet 24: The Organic Farming Scheme (OFS)

This factsheet describes the Organic Farming Scheme, an agri-environment scheme that offers payments to farmers in Wales to help them convert to organic farming with the aim of benefiting the environment. It is a key part of the Organic Action Plan for Wales, one of the aims of which is to increase the area of agricultural land in Wales under organic management by 10 – 15% by 2010. The OFS is funded by the EU and the Welsh Assembly Government as part of the 1999-2006 Rural Development Plan (RDP) for Wales, and will be subject to revision for the new 2007-2013 RDP. Issues covered include, how payments are structured, who is eligible, how to apply and how to get advice on organic conversion

Modelling manure NPK flows in organic farming systems to minimise nitrate leaching, ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emissions (OF0197)

Manure is an important source of organic matter and nutrients in organic farming systems, principally nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Careful management is required during storage, handling and land-spreading to (a) ensure the most efficient use of the nutrients in the farming system and (b) to limit emissions of nitrate (NO3), ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and P to the wider environment. With a likely increase in the organically farmed area, information is needed on best practices for manure management in organic systems to minimise the environmental impacts of these systems. The aim was that software would calculate NPK fluxes associated with each aspect of the livestock system, and provide options to explore the impact of management change at key stages in the manure management process. The end point was to be a working prototype model/decision support system (DSS), which we could be demonstrated to a group of organic farmers and used for discussion of the NPK flows in their systems. Most of the effort in this short-term project was spent on three aspects: 1. Developing databases and the underlying model calculations. 2. Developing the software for the prototype system. 3. Limited validation of the output. The two main challenges in the project were (a) allowing a quick and easy representation of the manure management system, which is often complex and (b) being able to represent complex interactions, simply but robustly. The Manure Model (MANMOD) DSS was developed to allow an iconographic-based model representation of individual farm manure management systems to be readily constructed from a library of system components using a 'drag and drop' operation. This allows the user to construct a diagram of connecting components or ‘nodes’ (e.g. manure source, housing system, storage system) which direct and limit the flow pathway of nutrients through the farming system. Each component or node represents a key stage of the system. Once the system has been constructed, pressing the calculation button calculates the following variates for each component of the system: output (i.e. the amounts of N, P and K that will be transferred from that component of the system to the next); balance (i.e. the amount residing in that component of the system); losses (gaseous and ‘leachate’). Workshops were held at the start and end of the project. The following observations were made as a result of this exercise: - The approach is a relatively quick and simple way of constructing manure management systems. However, it is still quite complex, given the complexity of many management systems. - It may be that it is a better tool for advisers so that they can use it for several clients and become more familiar with the tool, compared with a farmer who might use it as a one-off during planning. - Even at its simplest, some detailed information is required – and in units that the farmer may not be familiar with. For example, washdown volume for the hardstanding, amount of straw (kg/animal/month), etc. However, this is not really a reason for not pursuing this information if it will provide an improvement in management. - One value is the option to scenario test. However, this is reliant on the model being sufficiently refined to be able to fairly represent the changes in response to the system. The aim of the project was to produce a prototype system. We have done this, but because of the complexity of the systems that we are trying to represent, we recognise that much more detailed validation of the model is required before it can be disseminated. There are now several Defra-funded studies that could be used in the next phase of the work. (A more detailed summary is available at the start of the main report

Organic Farming

This booklet outlines the basic principles of organic farming and explains the process of conversion, including the grants and other support that is available. It has been produced by Organic Centre Wales, which coordinates the provision of advice and information to farmers. However, this edition of Organic Farming was published in February 2006. The Welsh assembly Government is currently reviewing the Organic Farming Scheme and advisory support, and so some of the information in this guide is out of date. You should discuss it with a suitably qualified advisor before proceeding

Organic Centre Wales Factsheet 22: Feeding to organic standards

This factsheet states the general principles of feeding to organic standards. Issues surrounding the use of conventional feedstuffs, supplements and the feeding of young animals are also covere